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Tenses
Tenses
PRESENT SIMPLE (JEDNODUCHÝ PRÍTOMNÝ ČAS)
I speak English. She speaks English. to be (byť): I am young. I am not young. Am I young?
I don’t speak English. She doesn’t speak English. She is young. She isn't young. Is she young?
Do you speak English? Does she speak English? You are young. You aren't young.Are you young?
Yes, I do. No, I don’t. Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
regularly (pravidelne)
usually (zvyčajne)
always (vždy)
every day, year, month (každý deň, rok, mesiac)
often (často)
sometimes (niekedy)
normally (normálne)
všeobecne platné pravidlá, skutočnosti: Cows eat grass.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PRIEBEHOVÝ PRÍTOMNÝ ČAS)
He is reading a book. They are listening to the radio. I am reading a book.
He isn’t reading a book. They aren’t listening to the radio. I am not reading a book.
Is he reading a book? Are they listening to the radio? Am I reading a book?
Yes, he is. No, he isn’t. Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. Yes, I am. No, I am not.
TO BE (am / is/ are) + verb in - ing form
now (teraz)
at the moment ( v tomto momente)
today (dnes)
in this picture, photo (na tomto obrázku, fotke)
future arrangements (plány do blízkej budúcnosti): I’m flying to New York tomorrow.
FUTURE – WILL (BUDÚCI ČAS)
I will open the window
I won’t open the window.
Will you open the window? !!! pre všetky osoby (množné aj jednotné číslo) používame WILL
Yes, I will. No, I won’t. Subject + WILL + VERB (V NEURČITKU)
decisions (rozhodnutia v momente prehovoru): I’ll open the tin.
offers (ponuky): I’ll take the dog for a walk.
suggestions (návrhy): I’ll wash up.
FUTURE – GOING TO (BUDÚCI ČAS)
She is going to play the piano tomorrow. We are going to have a party.
She isn’t going to play the piano tomorrow. We aren’t going to have a party.
Is she going to play the piano tomorrow? Are we going to have a party?
Yes, she is. No, she isn’t. Yes, we are. No, we aren’t. !!! 1. osoba jednotné číslo - I am
Subject + AM/ IS/ ARE + VERB IN - ING FORM
future plans (plány do budúcnosti), už to mám nejakú dobu naplánované
FUTURE CONTINUOUS (BUDÚCI PRIEBEHOVÝ ČAS)
I will be flying to New York tomorrow at 6 p.m.
I won’t be flying to New York tomorrow at 6 p.m.
Will you be flying to New York tomorrow at 6 p.m.?
Yes, I will. No, I won’t. S + WILL + BE + VERB IN - ING FORM
- v určitý čas v budúcnosti sa bude odohrávať nejaká aktivita (vopred viem kedy v budúcnosti sa bude odohrávať)
PAST SIMPLE (JEDNODUCHÝ MINULÝ ČAS)
She was at home. They were at the ZOO. I bought a new car. I played tennis.
She wasn’t at home. They weren’t at the ZOO. I didn’t buy a new car. I didn't play tennis.
Was she at home? Were they at the ZOO? Did you buy a new car? Did I play tennis?
Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t. Yes, they were. No, they weren’t. Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
!!! rozlišujeme regular and irregular verbs (pravidelné a nepravidelné slovesá)
irregular verbs - naučiť sa zo zoznamu
regular verbs - tvoríme pomocou prípony -ed
TO BE = WAS (I, he, she, it) / WERE (you, we, they)
minulý dej, ktorý je už ukončený
presne vieme, kedy v minulosti sa to stalo
yesterday, two days ago, last Monday, at 7 a.m. (už je poobedie, dej sa odohral ráno o 7. hod.)
PAST CONTINUOUS (MINULÝ PRIEBEHOVÝ ČAS)
I was watching TV last night. They were playing volleyball yesterday.
I wasn’t watching TV last night. They weren’t playing volleyball yesterday.
Was I watching TV last night? Were they playing volleyball yesterday?
Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t. Yes, they were. No, they weren’t. S +WAS/ WERE + VERB IN - ING FORM
ak sa niečo odohrávalo určitú dobu v minulosti (chceme zdôrazniť dĺžku aktivity), ale už je to ukončené
ak bol niekto uprostred deja v istom okamihu v minulosti: I was shopping at 4 o’clock yesterday.
! Často sa používa spolu s past simple, ak deje prebiehajú súčasne!
While I was crossing the street, I saw an accident.When I was reading a book, my mum opened the door. (kým sa niečo dialo, kým jeden dej prebiehal - zrazu sa niečo stalo)
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ( JEDNODUCHÝ PREDPRÍTOMNÝ ČAS)
I have read that book. He has broken the window.
I haven’t read that book. He hasn’t broken the window.
Have you read that book? Has he broken the window?
Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. S + HAVE / HAS + VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE
ak sa dej odohral v minulosti, ale má následky aj do súčasnosti, príp. ešte stále trvá (môžeme vidieť výsledok, f.e. John has broken his arm. - včera si ju zlomil a dnes vidím že ju má v sadre)
presný čas nie je dôležitý (životné skúsenosti): I have been to Prague. I have heard this story before.
ever (niekedy), never (nikdy): I have never been to Egypt. Have you ever seen an elephant?
for (už - dĺžka doby), since (odkedy): He has been a teacher for 5 years. I haven’t driven a bike since I was a child.
just (práve): We have just arrived.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (PRIEBEHOVÝ PREDPRÍTOMNÝ ČAS)
I have been shopping. She has been digging.
I haven’t been shopping. She hasn’t been digging.
Have you been shopping? Has she been digging?
Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t. S + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + VERB IN -ING FORM
aktivita, ktorá sa diala v minulosti určitú dobu a ešte stále pokračuje: It has been raining for days.
aktivita, ktorá sa diala v minulosti určitú dobu a má určitý dôsledok na prítomnosť: I’m tired because I have been running.
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (JEDNODUCHÝ PREDMINULÝ ČAS)
She had arrived before 10 o’clock.
She hadn’t arrived before 10 o’clock.
Had she arrived before 10 o’clock?
Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t. S + HAD + VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE
akcia, ktorá sa stala pred inou akciou v minulosti: When I came home, he had already cooked a meal. (Aktivita, ktorá trvala len určitý okamih v minulosti a je už ukončená je v past simple, druhá aktivita ktorá trvala pred prvou a pokračovala v minulosti už musí byť v past perfect simple)
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (PRIEBEHOVÝ PREDMINULÝ ČAS)
I had been cutting wood all morning.
I hadn’t been cutting wood all morning.
Had I been cutting wood all morning?
Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t. S + HAD + BEEN + VERB IN - ING FORM
- používame keď chceme vyjadriť, že niečo sa začalo v minulosti a trvalo až do nejakého bodu v minulosti. Veta s predminulým časom takmer vždy obsahuje časový údaj o tom, ako dlho daná činnosť trvala.
FUTURE PERFECT
We will have finished before you return.
We won’t have finished before you return.
Will we have finished before you return?
Yes, we will. No, we won’t. S + WILL + HAVE + VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE
akcia, ktorá sa skončí pred určitým časom v budúcnosti (before, by): I will have finished by September.
!!! VŠETKY PREDCHÁDZAJÚCE VETY SÚ UVEDENÉ V ACTIVE VOICE : S + VERB + ...
THE PASSIVE (PASÍVUM)
Aktívna veta: S + verb + O + .... – I buy a car.
Pasívna veta: O + be + past participle + .... by the agent (by me, by you, by them, ...)
agent je neznámy: My car was stolen.
agent nie je dôležitý: Houses are built very quickly.
agent je známy: The criminal is arrested by the police.
- používame, keď chceme zdôrazniť akciu pred podmetom (akcia je dôležitejšia)
- podmet si vymení miesto s predmetom, ak je známe kto vykonáva akciu použije sa predložka BY + AGENT (f.e.: The house was painted by the workers.)
Present
English is spoken all over the world.
Coffee is grown in Brazil.
Future
He will be understood.
Past
My hand was broken.
America was discovered by Columbus.
Present perfect
We have been robbed.
Diet Coke has been made since 1982.
CONDICIONAL (PODMIEŇOVACÍ SPÔSOB)
kondicionál: If I work harder, I will pass my exam. PRESENT SIMPLE + FUTURE WILL
kondicionál: If I worked harder, I would pass my exam PAST SIMPLE + WOULD
kondicionál: If I had worked harder, I would have passsed my exam. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE +WOULD +PRESENT PERFECT SIMP.
If I had been working harder, I would have passed my exam. PAST PERFECT CONT. + WOULD + PRESENT PERFECT
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